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Vermilacinia ceruchis
''Vermilacinia ceruchis'' is a fruticose lichen found on sand and rock in coastal fog areas of Peru and Chile.〔Spjut, R. W. 1996. ''Niebla'' and ''Vermilacinia'' (Ramalinaceae) from California and Baja California. Sida Miscellany 14〕
==Description==
The typical form of the species (''V. ceruchis'') is distinguished from related species in the genus by its relatively few branches with a thick cortex (75–125 microns thick), and by the lack of apothecia. The secondary branches bifurcate near the apex, appearing antler-like and taper to a pointed apex.〔 The type specimens include one collected by Joseph Dombey near Lima of Peru and another by Archibald Menzies (lectotype) from Chile, possibly near Valparaíso. They appear to have been collected on sand based on the apparent habit of the thallus for the Menzies specimen, which shows branches arising mostly along one side of a main branch, and by its similarity to another specimen collected by Charles Darwin, who indicated that he found his specimen at "Iquique, 2,000 to 3,000 ft high, where clouds often hang ... lying without adhesion on bare sand ... through the coast mountains, no other plant on the coast for 16 leagues inward".
This sand-dwelling typical form may be extinct in view of Gerhard Follmann’s reported effort to locate the “Darwin’s lichen oasis” since 1960.〔Follmann, N. G. 1994. Darwin's “lichen oasis” above Iquique, Atacama Desert rediscovered. International Lichenological Newsletter 27(2): 23–25. http://www.lichenology.org/Publications/ILN/ILN_27_2.pdf〕 In 1994, Follmann reportedly encountered a "lichen oasis" at 800–900 meters altitude further north than where the "Darwin Oasis" was thought to have occurred in northern Chile. ''Vermilacinia ceruchis'' was not among the "macrolichens" lichens he reportedly found, which were: "''Heterodermia leucomelos, Niebla tigrina, Ramalina celastri, R. cochlearis, R. peruviana, R. pilulifera, Roccellina suffruticosa'', and ''Xanthoria mendozae'', all deviating ecologically and (or) morphologically from the typical forms." These were in "mats" in sheltered soil depressions among cactus skeletons and diorite rocks that had "mass development of saxicolous ecotype of ''Chrysothrix pavonii''". Follmann further stated ''Austropeltis pervuiana'' and ''Leprocaulon subalbicans'' were on ground; on cactus skeletons were ''Trentepohlia'' sp., ''Roccellaria mollis'' and ''Tornabea ephebea''. ''Niebla tigrina'' is classified in subgenus ''Cylindricaria'' as a synonym of ''Vermilacinia tigrina'', which is also much like ''V. leopardina'' of coastal Baja California, differing only in accessory lichen substances. Both species occur on shrubs and cacti in South America;〔 ''V. tigrina'' also occurs on soil among cacti in South America.〔Follmann, G. 1966. Eine neue ''Ramalina''-Art uas der Ceruches-Gruppe. Willdenowia 4(2): 225–233.〕
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